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Quick Finds: Clinical Issues

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Introduction. Use this page to quickly find all resources from the Clearinghouse database on Clinical Issues.

Background. Clinical Issues resources span a wide variety of clinical topics including behavioral health, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, Oral Health, Research and Data, and Substance Use Disorders.

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Results for: Topic Area = Clinical Issues

Displaying records 1 through 50 of 891.

Population Health Management Task Force National Learning Series 2024 (2024). Resource Type: Archived Webinar. Description: This national learning series, sponsored by HRSA, takes a deeper dive into issues related to HIV, Diabetes, and Chronic comorbid disease management, which all impact population health management. More Details...

Hypertension Control and Cholesterol Management Communications Toolkit (2024). Resource Type: Toolkit. Description: This communications toolkit is designed to provide evidence-based messaging on hypertension and cholesterol management. It includes materials developed through NACHC's Million Hearts® initiative. More Details...

Approaches to Mental Health Care for Migratory And Seasonal Agricultural Workers: Mental Health Learning Series (2024). Resource Type: Archived Webinar. Description: Health Outreach Partners and Farmworker Justice co-facilitated a webinar on the overview of mental health disorders and how outreach and enabling services can provide trauma-informed care to screen and support mental health in Migratory, Seasonal, and Agricultural workers (MSAWs). The webinar had a guest speaker, Dr. Javier Rosado, a Clinical Associate Professor at Florida State University College of Medicine who serves as the Director of Clinical Research for the FSU Center for Child Stress and Health. More Details...

Improving Access to Behavioral Health Services for Populations Facing Homelessness (2024). Resource Type: Publication. Description: Mental health issues can both cause and result from homelessness, with factors like substance use, economic instability, and limited access to housing and healthcare contributing significantly. Behavioral health providers should focus on flexible outreach, partnerships with housing organizations, peer support, and sustainable financing to effectively support this population. The guide will cover the central role of peer support and outreach and engagement strategies. Finally, the guide will cover the financing possibilities and challenges of supporting outreach and engagement efforts. More Details...

Promoviendo un estilo de vida saludable entre los trabajadores agrícolas mediante pruebas, prevención y tratamiento del VIH/SIDA: Una historia sobre la salud sexual y el VIH entre los trabajadores agrícolas (2024). Resource Type: Patient Material. Description: “Promoviendo un estilo de vida saludable entre los trabajadores agrícolas a través de las pruebas, la prevención y el tratamiento del VIH/SIDA: Una historia sobre la salud sexual y el VIH entre los trabajadores agrícolas\", explica información importante sobre el VIH y el SIDA. Infórmese sobre las formas saludables de prevenir, hacerse la prueba y recibir tratamiento contra el VIH/SIDA entre los trabajadores agrícolas. More Details...

Promoting Agricultural Workers Healthy Lifestyle through HIV/AIDS Testing, Prevention, and Treatment: A Story About Sexual Health and HIV Among Agricultural Workers (2024). Resource Type: Patient Material. Description: "Promoting Agricultural Workers Healthy Lifestyle through HIV/AIDS Testing, Prevention, and Treatment: A Story About Sexual Health and HIV Among Agricultural Workers.", explains important information about HIV and AIDS. Learn about healthy ways to prevent, getting tested and treatment for HIV/AIDS among agricultural workers! More Details...

Leveraging Opioid Settlement Dollars - Benefits and Strategies for Health Centers (2024). Resource Type: Publication. Description: As of February 2022, 48 states have accepted settlement for various lawsuits brought against pharmaceutical opioid distributors and one manufacturer in response to the national opioid and overdose crisis. Commonly referred to as the “Opioid Settlement funds”, approximately $26 billion have been distributed to states and local governments to support a range of activities addressing the root causes and impact of the opioid crisis. Beyond the Approved Uses Guidance, there is wide latitude for how to use these funds. The national Opioid Settlement Tracker is a resource that can help Health Centers and Primary Care Associations determine the process for how these funds are allocated and any pathways to influence that process. Housing creation, including supportive housing and recovery housing are cited in the national settlement agreement as potential approved uses. This analysis will focus on how and where funds are being leveraged to support housing access and other services that benefit health center patients. More Details...

Housing and HIV: Bridging the Gap between HIV and Housing in Special and Vulnerable Populations (2024). Resource Type: Archived Webinar. Description: On Wednesday, March 13, 2024, CSH joined National Center for Health and Public Housing and the National LGBTQIA+ Health Education Center to host session 2 the Population Health Management National Learning Series. This session featured a discussion on the drivers of health for individuals at risk for or living with HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis C. Panelist providers shared lessons from the field on addressing social drivers of health (SDOH) needs with special emphasis on housing as an intervention and the importance of cross sector partnerships. More Details...

Tobacco Use Among MSAW: Environmental Scan Findings Report (2024). Resource Type: Publication. Description: This environmental scan provides information about tobacco use and cessation among agricultural workers. Information was collected from a national poll of MSAW organizations and from agricultural worker focus groups. More Details...

Instructions for Using Naloxone (2024). Resource Type: Patient Material. Description: Instructional sheet on how to use Naloxone in the case of an opioid overdose. Available in both English and Spanish. More Details...

Sexual Violence in Agricultural Worker Communities: A Guide for Clinicians (2024). Resource Type: Toolkit. Description: Clinician resource that provides guidance on how to identify and support survivors of sexual violence in agricultural worker communities, as well as best practices when reporting any incidents. Also included are stories from survivors and advocates, and additional resources for community support. Available in both English and Spanish. More Details...

Moving OUD/SUD Care Upstream through Partnership with Legal Aid: Health Center MLP Planning, Implementation & Practice (PIP) Webinar Series (2024). Resource Type: Archived Webinar. Description: This interactive webinar will explore the collaboration between Philadelphia Legal Assistance (PLA) and community health centers in the City of Brotherly Love. Together, they are advancing and strengthening community-based care and treatment for individuals recovering from Opioid and Substance Use Disorders (O/SUD). Learn about the implementation journey and impact of the medical-legal partnerships between PLA and the healthcare teams at Esperanza Health Center and Delaware Valley Community Health (DVCH) – Girard. This webinar is appropriate for anyone interested in the intersection of healthcare and legal services. More Details...

Maternal Mortality Fact Sheet (2024). Resource Type: Publication. Description: This infographic summarizes the racial and ethnic disparities in maternal and infant perinatal outcomes and summarizes NACHC's efforts to improve maternal health and post-partum care, providing up-to-date data, resources, and promising practices. More Details...

Social and Structural Impacts on Diabetes and Comorbidities Management for AA and NH/PI Populations Learning Series: Module 4: Bridging Community and Clinic to Promote Diabetes Equity in South Asian Communities (2024). Resource Type: Micro-Learning. Description: The Association of Asian Pacific Community Health organizations (AAPCHO) chronic disease management programs, expertise, and national network in the AA and NH/PI community health center space, will feature research, community intervention strategies, and historical context for diabetes and other co-morbidities among AAs and NH/PIs. This self-paced learning series will feature modules that outline various social, political, and structural drivers of health for diabetes and comorbidities management. Modules will include case studies which promote resources, strategies, and interventions to support health center performance improvement and transformation efforts. This is module 4 and was recorded on June 5, 2024. More Details...

Supporting People Experiencing Homelessness in Smoking Cessation: Healing Hands (2024). Resource Type: Publication. Description: In this issue of Healing Hands, we will look at the impact of cigarette smoking, vaping, and other tobacco use among people experiencing homelessness, including children, teens, families, Indigenous communities with cultural experiences of medicinal tobacco use, and people who experience other forms of social marginalization. We will also consider key aspects of communication and intervention in the realm of smoking cessation, including motivational interviewing, harm reduction, trauma-informed care, and the five stages of change model. We will end with one individual’s story about quitting smoking that illustrates both the challenges and benefits of engaging in tobacco cessation. More Details...

NNOHA User's Guide for Integration of Behavioral Health and Oral Health (2024). Resource Type: Publication. Description: This publication provides guidance on how to implement a behavioral health and oral health integration program. The User's Guide includes a description of NNOHA's systems-based framework for behavioral health integration, promising practices from community health centers, and workflow examples. There is also a readiness assessment to help community health centers determine their level of preparedness to implement a behavioral health integration program. More Details...

Guides for Patients Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence and Exploitation (2024). Resource Type: Publication. Description: Individuals who have experienced or are experiencing intimate partner violence, human trafficking, or exploitation may have challenges utilizing dental services. These resources are intended to support dental professionals and patients prepare for dental visits. More Details...

Physical Activity and Sports Participation for Transgender and Gender Diverse People (2024). Resource Type: Publication. Description: This publication is designed to support health centers in promoting physical activity and sports participation for transgender and gender diverse (TGD) patients. TGD people experience multiple mental and physical health disparities throughout the life course, including increased cardiometabolic risk. Despite these increased risks, preventive health guidelines rarely address the unique needs of TGD people. More Details...

Issue Brief: Farmworkers and HIV (2024). Resource Type: Publication. Description: There is limited data on the prevalence of HIV among farmworkers. This issue brief provides an overview of current AIDS policy, barriers to screening and testing for HIV/AIDS in farmworker communities, and promising practices to overcome these barriers. More Details...

Human Trafficking and Exploitation: How School-Based Health Center Providers Can Help Keep Students Safe (2024). Resource Type: Archived Webinar. Description: This 60-minute webinar focuses on how school-based health center providers can support students who have experienced human trafficking and sexual exploitation. More Details...

The State of Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander Health at Community Health Centers Webinar Series (2024). Resource Type: Archived Webinar. Description: Part 1: This session included recommendations to increase access to care, improve health outcomes, and promote health equity for Asian American (AA), Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander (NH/PI) patients. Presenters shared findings from AAPCHO's upcoming report, 'The Health of Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders Served at Health Centers: An Analysis of the 2022 Uniform Data System.'; Part 2: Stories transform data into narratives that can inspire change. In Part 2 of the 'The State of AA and NH/PI Health at Community Health Centers'; webinar series, speakers expanded on the findings of AAPCHO's UDS data analysis to focus on contextualizing the data with case studies from AA&NHPI-serving health centers. Hear from AA&NHPI-serving health centers to learn about their communities, best practices for improving health outcomes, and strategies for addressing health disparities. More Details...

The Health Of Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders Served at Health Centers: An Analysis of the 2022 Uniform Data System Report (2024). Resource Type: Publication. Description: This report was developed by Association of Asian Pacific Community Health Organizations using the 2022 Uniform Data System data from health centers to examine the current state of health center performance and provides recommendations for how health centers can improve. More Details...

Oral Health and Chronic Disease Management in Older Adults: Promising Practices from Health Centers (2024). Resource Type: Publication. Description: The publication describes the bi-directional relationship between oral health and chronic diseases like diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and dementia, and discusses the impact of oral health conditions on older adults, and provide recommendations for caregivers and providers to improve oral health. More Details...

Oral Health and Chronic Disease Management for Older Adults (2024). Resource Type: Publication. Description: Older adults may experience chronic diseases that have impacts to oral health including diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and cognitive disorders. This publication highlights promising practices from health centers that have implemented programs to support oral health integration to improve chronic disease outcomes. This document was created in partnership with the National Center for Equitable Care for Elders. More Details...

Diabetes Care Management: The Right Way Part 2 (2024). Resource Type: Archived Webinar. Description: After understanding the roles and responsibilities of health center staff in care management, this session will focus on the tools required to document longitudinal care management activities. The session speakers will review two (2) common electronic health record systems and provide details on how to document care plans and care management activities that meet Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH) standards. More Details...

HITEQ Highlights: Integrating Patient Self-Monitoring Blood Pressure Within Office-Based Hypertension Management: HITEQ Highlights Webinar (2024). Resource Type: Archived Webinar. Description: This session included topics such as the evidence base for a self-monitoring blood pressure program, best practices in hypertension management through a self-monitoring program, and technology barriers and challenges to remote blood pressure monitoring. More Details...

Advancing Equity: Community Health Workers' Role in Enhancing Breast Cancer Screenings and Linkage to Care (2024). Resource Type: Archived Webinar. Description: Join NNCC to explore breast cancer disparities & their impact on different communities. Discover the crucial role of Community Health Workers (CHWs) in bridging gaps & facilitating screenings & care. Learn practical strategies & best practices to implement CHW programs effectively within your practice. Additionally, find out how engaging community partnerships & collaborations can lead to holistic care solutions. Attending gives you valuable insights, actionable strategies, & real-world advice to enhance your approach to breast cancer screenings & care in your health center. More Details...

Nurturing Mothers: A Two-Part Webinar Series on Breastfeeding Support and Maternal Mental Health (2024). Resource Type: n.a.. Description: In Part Two of this series, experts from Affinia Healthcare led a discussion on delivering sensitive and supportive care and fostering a nurturing environment for breastfeeding mothers. Affinia Healthcare shared their approaches to lactation and breastfeeding education, emphasizing their impact on maternal mental health during the perinatal period. Attendees gained practical guidance on developing and implementing effective breastfeeding support initiatives tailored to the needs of diverse communities, focusing on addressing disparities in breastfeeding rates among populations of color. We also discussed emerging Maternal and Infant health concerns and HRSA’s response and recommendations. More Details...

Nurturing Mothers: A Two-Part Webinar Series on Breastfeeding Support and Maternal Mental Health (2024). Resource Type: n.a.. Description: In Part One of this series, experts from HRSA’s Division of Healthy Starts and Perinatal Services led a discussion touching on the National Maternal Mental Health Hotline and related resources for health center staff and patients. We also heard from Milwaukee’s Choice Neighborhood Initiative and their community-based program, Best Babies Zone, which works to ensure that babies born survive and thrive with the help of their engaged and healthy community. More Details...

Diabetes Care Management: The Right Way-Part 1 (2024). Resource Type: Archived Webinar. Description: This webinar shares how to build a collaborative model where nurse care managers, payer partners, community health workers/providers/patient navigators, or pharmacy staff connect to manage patients with diabetes. The information from this webinar will help health centers build relationships with their patients to have a positive care management and care coordination experience since care management is used to improve patient care, quality, and health outcomes. The Patient-Centered Medical Model sets expectations that healthcare organizations use care management to help patients develop and meet treatment plan goals. More Details...

Social and Structural Impacts on Diabetes and Comorbidities Management for AA and NH/PI Populations Learning Series: Module 3: Culturally Grounded Interventions to Improve Mental and Physical Health (2024). Resource Type: Micro-Learning. Description: The Association of Asian Pacific Community Health organizations (AAPCHO) chronic disease management programs, expertise, and national network in the AA and NH/PI community health center space, will feature research, community intervention strategies, and historical context for diabetes and other co-morbidities among AAs and NH/PIs. This self-paced learning series will feature modules that outline various social, political, and structural drivers of health for diabetes and comorbidities management. Modules will include case studies which promote resources, strategies, and interventions to support health center performance improvement and transformation efforts. This is module 3 and was recorded on April 29, 2024. More Details...

Culturally Responsive Oral Health Care for LGBTQIA+ Communities (2024). Resource Type: Archived Webinar. Description: Research suggests that LGBTQIA+ people are more likely to rate their oral health care unfavorably compared to their non-LGBTQIA+ peers. In this webinar we will discuss delivering responsive dental health care for LGBTQIA+ communities, including care for people with HIV. More Details...

BMI Assessment in Well Visits for School-Aged Children and Adolescents (2024). Resource Type: Archived Webinar. Description: The BMI Assessment in Well Visits for School-Aged Children and Adolescent webinar focuses on strategies to increase health centers' integration of Body Mass Index (BMI) assessment during well visits. More Details...

Care Considerations for Children of LGBTQIA+ Families (2024). Resource Type: Archived Webinar. Description: In this webinar, we will explore the significant and growing population of children in LGBTQIA+ families in the United States. With diverse arrangements and dynamics, clinicians must be attuned to understanding the unique histories and experiences of LGBTQIA+ families. The discussion will highlight the challenges faced by children in these families, including social pressures to conform to traditional norms, the impact of cisheterosexism, and the importance of creating a safe and inclusive environment for optimal mental health and well-being. More Details...

Beyond the Ask: Person-Centered Approaches to Addressing Substance Use Disorder in Older Adults (2024). Resource Type: Archived Webinar. Description: This National Center for Equitable Care for Elders webinar focused on disparities in substance use disorder screening and treatment experienced by older adults, which disproportionately increases their risk of physical harm. Participants reviewed age-friendly principles of care that encourage early identification and recovery management in older patients. More Details...

Approaches to Behavioral Health Screening Resource Document (2024). Resource Type: Publication. Description: This Resource Document provides current evidence-based behavior health screening tools and details who can administer them, under what setting, their use with special populations (non-verbal, limited English proficiency), and how to interpret results. This Resource Document is intended to help inform healthcare staff of the utility of behavioral health screenings so that they can become more prevalent and provide early intervention to substance use and mental health needs. More Details...

Rapid Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy for People with HIV (2024). Resource Type: Publication. Description: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is recommended for all people with HIV to improve and preserve their health and to reduce transmission of HIV to others. Increasingly, rapid ART starts have become a clinical and public health priority, with the Department of Health and Human Services Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents recommending that ART be started as soon as possible after HIV diagnosis. Definitions of what constitutes a rapid start of ART vary; the most stringent is also termed immediate ART and occurs when ART is prescribed on the same day an HIV diagnosis is delivered. This fact sheet reviews the potential benefits and rationale for rapid ART starts, outlines potential pitfalls, and offers practical, evidence-based tips on ART selection for rapid starts. More Details...

Clinical Issues & Health Center Boards: Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health Care (2024). Resource Type: n.a.. Description: This short resource discusses Adolescent and Sexual Reproductive Health (ASRH) care and how a health center board can support this service line through governance-level functions. This article is part of a broader series on ASRH; learn more at https://www.nachc.org/quality4teenshealth/. More Details...

Substance Use Guidelines (2024). Resource Type: Toolkit. Description: The National Health Care for the Homeless Council's Substance Use Guidelines are brief substance-specific guidelines intended for use by anyone who is a consumer of services or a service provider working with people experiencing homelessness and people who use drugs. More Details...

Transgender Health & Medical-Legal Partnerships (2024). Resource Type: Publication. Description: In 2018, we published our fact sheet, Transgender Health & Medical-Legal Partnerships. Though the approach to using medical-legal partnerships to meet the needs of transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people remains a core tool for addressing the social determinants of health for this population, the legal and legislative landscape has changed drastically in recent years. In addition to navigating insurance coverage; medical decision-making; legal name and gender marker changes; and discrimination in education, employment, housing/shelter, and public accommodations; TGD people now face stepped-up efforts to restrict their access to health care more broadly, including denial of gender-affirming care, and restrictions on accessing public spaces and speech. There have been more than 500 bills introduced in states targeting TGD people. This follows a trend of increasing anti-trans laws in recent years. Bills banning bathroom use by TGD people; banning participation in youth sports; restricting discussion of sexuality, gender, and identity in public education; threats to take custody of TGD youth from affirming families; and limiting gender-affirming care for youth and adults create a dangerous environment for TGD people in many areas of the United States. Criminalization of TGD lives – and of the actions of their providers and caregivers – brings serious adverse consequences to the health and safety of TGD people. More Details...

Cultural Adaptation of Measures and Tools for Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity (SOGI) Data Collection (2024). Resource Type: Publication. Description: This publication was designed as a companion resource to Ready, Set, Go! Guidelines and Tips for Collecting Patient Data on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity (SOGI) to explain the importance of SOGI data collection to identify and address the unique needs of sexual and gender minority patient populations, with special consideration for culturally and linguistically diverse patients who are part of LGBTQIA+ communities. This guide will help healthcare staff to identify procedures to translate and adapt SOGI data collection questions and patient education materials for multilingual patient populations accurately and affirmatively, with considerations for Spanish-speaking LGBTQIA+ patients as an example. The recommendations in this publication will assist health teams in planning next actions to implement culturally and linguistically affirming practices that are community informed and integrated throughout the health experiences of multilingual, multiethnic, and racially diverse patients. More Details...

Telehealth for LGBTQIA+ Patients (2024). Resource Type: Archived Webinar. Description: In this webinar, Emily Phillips will discuss best practices in telehealth for LGBTQIA+ patients including information on expansion, implementation and quality improvement. Participants will learn strategies aimed at increasing access and engagement for marginalized communities in telehealth programming and ways to ensure continuous quality improvement. More Details...

Achieving Health Equity for Asexual & Aromantic Patients (2024). Resource Type: Archived Webinar. Description: Asexual population health is often overlooked in LGBTQIA+ health and healthcare. Among youth and young adults, however, some studies show that bi+ and asexual people comprise the largest sexual minority sub-populations. This webinar will review common terminology related to asexuality, review asexual health disparities, and discuss how to provide inclusive healthcare to asexual patients. More Details...

Navigating Polypharmacy Management in Older Adults (2024). Resource Type: Archived Webinar. Description: This National Center for Equitable Care for Elders webinar focused on optimizing medication plans for community-dwelling older adults, particularly those living with multiple chronic conditions. Participants reviewed person-centered approaches for shared decision-making in the deprescribing process. More Details...

STIs and Agricultural Workers: What you need to know? (2024). Resource Type: Patient Material. Description: This new resource from NCFH provides information about the impact of sexually transmitted infections on agricultural worker health, shares information about the five main STIs that affect this population and shares tips to have open and healthy conversations with partners and health care providers. More Details...

Las ITS y los trabajadores agricolas: Lo que necesitas saber (2024). Resource Type: Patient Material. Description: Este nuevo recurso de NCFH proporciona información sobre el impacto de las infecciones de transmisión sexual en la salud de los trabajadores agrícolas, comparte información sobre las 5 principales ITS que afectan a esta población y comparte consejos para mantener conversaciones abiertas y saludables con las parejas y los proveedores de atención de salud. More Details...

Health Center Partnerships to Support Nutrition and Physical Activity for Children and Adolescents (2024). Resource Type: Archived Webinar. Description: Early experiences and choices profoundly impact lifelong health. Cultivating healthy habits during childhood and adolescence is crucial to maintaining a healthy lifestyle, promoting physical and cognitive development, enhancing resilience, and reducing the risk of chronic diseases. However, children and adolescents often encounter obstacles in managing their health and lifestyle choices due to environmental factors, educational and social influences, and limited autonomy.NNCC introduces and discusses tools and resources for health care professionals/CHWs working in health center settings and the community. More Details...

Health Center Partnerships to Support Nutrition and Physical Activity for Children and Adolescents (2024). Resource Type: Archived Webinar. Description: Early experiences and choices have a profound impact on lifelong health. It is crucial to cultivate healthy habits during childhood and adolescence in order to maintain a healthy lifestyle, promote physical and cognitive development, enhance resilience, and reduce the risk of chronic diseases. However, children and adolescents often encounter obstacles in managing their health and lifestyle choices due to environmental factors, educational and social influences, and limited autonomy. NNCC introduced and discussed tools and resources for health care professionals/CHWs working in health center settings and the community. More Details...

Evidence-Based Practices Comprehensive Approach to Behavioral Health Care (2024). Resource Type: Archived Webinar. Description: This training reinforces the value of having all employees, from frontline staff to management and executive leadership, receive foundational instruction and training in four areas. Participants will learn to design a core training curriculum incorporating the following skills and practices: - Patient-centered care - Trauma-informed care - Motivational interviewing - De-escalation More Details...

Social and Structural Impacts on Diabetes and Comorbidities Management for AA and NH/PI Populations Learning Series (2024). Resource Type: Micro-Learning. Description: The Association of Asian Pacific Community Health organizations (AAPCHO) chronic disease management programs, expertise, and national network in the AA and NH/PI community health center space, will feature research, community intervention strategies, and historical context for diabetes and other co-morbidities among AAs and NH/PIs. This self-paced learning series will feature modules that outline various social, political, and structural drivers of health for diabetes and comorbidities management. Modules will include case studies which promote resources, strategies, and interventions to support health center performance improvement and transformation efforts. This is module 2 and was recorded on March 7, 2024. More Details...

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This project is supported by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) as part of an award totaling $6,625,000 with 0 percentage financed with non-governmental sources. The contents are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official views of, nor an endorsement, by HRSA, HHS, or the U.S. Government. For more information, please visit HRSA.gov.